c,#include,#include,#include,#include,#include,#include,#include,#include,#includeint main(int argc, char argv[]) {, if (argc != 2) {, fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s,", argv[0]);, return 1;, } struct hostent host = gethostbyname(argv[1]);, if (host == NULL) {, perror("gethostbyname");, return 1;, } struct in_addr addr_list = (struct in_addr )host->h_addr_list;, for (int i = 0; addr_list[i] != NULL; i++) {, char ip[INET_ADDRSTRLEN];, inet_ntop(AF_INET, addr_list[i], ip, INET_ADDRSTRLEN);, printf("IP address %d: %s,", i + 1, ip);, } return 0;,},
“在C语言中实现ping域名的功能,主要涉及到网络编程和ICMP协议的使用,以下是详细的实现步骤和代码示例:
创建原始套接字
需要创建一个原始套接字,用于发送和接收ICMP数据包,在Linux系统中,可以使用socket()
函数来创建原始套接字,并设置其协议为IPPROTO_ICMP(即ICMP协议)。
int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP); if (sockfd < 0) { perror("socket"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
构建ICMP请求包
需要构建一个ICMP Echo请求包,这包括设置ICMP包头的各个字段,如类型、代码、校验和等,类型字段应设置为8(表示Echo请求),代码字段设置为0,还需要设置标识符和序列号字段,以便目标主机能够正确响应请求。
struct icmphdr { u_int8_t type; // ICMP类型 u_int8_t code; // 代码 u_int16_t checksum; // 校验和 u_int16_t id; // 标识符 u_int16_t sequence; // 序列号 }; struct icmphdr packet; packet.type = ICMP_ECHO; packet.code = 0; packet.checksum = 0; packet.id = getpid(); packet.sequence = 1;
计算校验和是构建ICMP包的重要一步,它用于验证数据包的完整性,校验和的计算方法相对复杂,但可以通过遍历ICMP包的所有字段并进行二进制反码求和来实现。
unsigned short checksum(void b, int len) { unsigned short buf = b; unsigned int sum=0; unsigned short result; for (sum = 0; len > 1; len -= 2) sum += buf++; if (len == 1) sum += (unsigned char)buf; sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xFFFF); sum += (sum >> 16); result = ~sum; return result; } packet.checksum = checksum(&packet, sizeof(packet));
解析域名并设置目标地址
在发送ICMP请求之前,需要将域名解析为目标IP地址,这可以通过调用系统的DNS解析服务来实现,在Linux系统中,可以使用getaddrinfo()
函数来完成这一任务,将解析得到的IP地址设置到目标地址结构体中。
struct addrinfo hints, res; memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); hints.ai_family = AF_INET; hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW; int status = getaddrinfo("www.example.com", NULL, &res); if (status != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s ", gai_strerror(status)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } struct sockaddr_in target = (struct sockaddr_in )res->ai_addr; freeaddrinfo(res);
发送ICMP请求
使用sendto()
函数将构建好的ICMP请求包发送到目标地址,如果发送失败,则打印错误信息并退出程序。
if (sendto(sockfd, &packet, sizeof(packet), 0, (struct sockaddr )target, sizeof(target)) <= 0) { perror("sendto"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
接收ICMP响应
发送完ICMP请求后,需要等待并接收目标主机返回的ICMP响应,这可以通过recvfrom()
函数来实现,接收到的数据将被存储在一个缓冲区中,并附带有发送方的地址信息。
char buf[1024]; struct sockaddr_in r_addr; socklen_t len = sizeof(r_addr); if (recvfrom(sockfd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr )&r_addr, &len) <= 0) { perror("recvfrom"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
解析响应并输出结果
接收到ICMP响应后,需要解析其内容以提取有用信息,如往返时间、TTL等,将这些信息输出到终端或日志文件中。
struct iphdr ip_hdr = (struct iphdr )buf; struct icmphdr icmp_hdr = (struct icmphdr )(buf + (ip_hdr->ihl << 2)); if (icmp_hdr->type == ICMP_ECHOREPLY) { printf("Received ICMP Echo Reply from %s ", inet_ntoa(r_addr.sin_addr)); // 这里可以添加更多的解析逻辑来提取往返时间等信息 } else { printf("Received ICMP type %d code %d ", icmp_hdr->type, icmp_hdr->code); }
关闭套接字并清理资源
不要忘记关闭套接字并释放其他已分配的资源。
close(sockfd);
完整示例代码
以下是上述步骤的完整示例代码:
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <netinet/ip.h> #include <netinet/ip_icmp.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <netdb.h> #include <time.h> unsigned short checksum(void b, int len) { unsigned short buf = b; unsigned int sum=0; unsigned short result; for (sum = 0; len > 1; len -= 2) sum += buf++; if (len == 1) sum += (unsigned char)buf; sum = (sum >> 16) + (sum & 0xFFFF); sum += (sum >> 16); result = ~sum; return result; } int main() { int sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP); if (sockfd < 0) { perror("socket"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } struct icmphdr packet; memset(&packet, 0, sizeof(packet)); packet.type = ICMP_ECHO; packet.code = 0; packet.checksum = 0; packet.id = getpid(); packet.sequence = 1; packet.checksum = checksum(&packet, sizeof(packet)); struct addrinfo hints, res; memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); hints.ai_family = AF_INET; hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_RAW; int status = getaddrinfo("www.example.com", NULL, &res); if (status != 0) { fprintf(stderr, "getaddrinfo: %s ", gai_strerror(status)); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } struct sockaddr_in target = (struct sockaddr_in )res->ai_addr; freeaddrinfo(res); if (sendto(sockfd, &packet, sizeof(packet), 0, (struct sockaddr )target, sizeof(target)) <= 0) { perror("sendto"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } char buf[1024]; struct sockaddr_in r_addr; socklen_t len = sizeof(r_addr); if (recvfrom(sockfd, buf, sizeof(buf), 0, (struct sockaddr )&r_addr, &len) <= 0) { perror("recvfrom"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } struct iphdr ip_hdr = (struct iphdr )buf; struct icmphdr icmp_hdr = (struct icmphdr )(buf + (ip_hdr->ihl << 2)); if (icmp_hdr->type == ICMP_ECHOREPLY) { printf("Received ICMP Echo Reply from %s ", inet_ntoa(r_addr.sin_addr)); } else { printf("Received ICMP type %d code %d ", icmp_hdr->type, icmp_hdr->code); } close(sockfd); return 0; }
上述代码仅为示例,并未包含所有可能的错误处理和优化措施,在实际应用中,可能需要根据具体需求进行适当的修改和完善,由于网络环境的复杂性和不确定性,该程序可能无法在所有情况下都能成功执行ping操作。
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