一、基本查询
1、查询所有字段:SELECT * FROM table_name;
2、查询指定字段:SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;
3、消除重复行:SELECT DISTINCT column_name FROM table_name;
4、使用别名:SELECT column_name AS alias_name FROM table_name;
5、多表连接查询:
内连接:SELECT columns FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
左连接:SELECT columns FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
右连接:SELECT columns FROM table1 RIGHT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;
6、排序:
升序:SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name ASC;
降序:SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name DESC;
7、聚合函数:
总数:SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;
最大值:SELECT MAX(column_name) FROM table_name;
最小值:SELECT MIN(column_name) FROM table_name;
求和:SELECT SUM(column_name) FROM table_name;
平均值:SELECT AVG(column_name) FROM table_name;
四舍五入保留小数:SELECT ROUND(AVG(column_name), 2) FROM table_name;
8、分组:
按性别分组查询人数:SELECT gender, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY gender;
分组查询每种性别的平均年龄:SELECT gender, AVG(age) FROM table_name GROUP BY gender;
分组查询每种性别的人数(大于2):SELECT gender, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY gender HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;
汇归纳果(with rollup):SELECT gender, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY gender WITH ROLLUP;
9、分页:
查询前n个数据:SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT n;
分页显示(每页显示m个):SELECT * FROM table_name LIMIT start, m;
10、子查询:
标量子查询:SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE column_name = (SELECT value FROM another_table);
列子查询:SELECT name FROM table_name WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM another_table);
行子查询:SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE (column1, column2) = (SELECT column1, column2 FROM another_table);
二、数据操作
1、插入数据:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
REPLACE INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...) VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
(如果存在则替换)
2、更新数据:UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ... WHERE condition;
3、删除数据:
删除指定条件的数据:DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;
删除所有数据但保留表结构:DELETE * FROM table_name;
三、数据库管理
1、创建数据库:CREATE DATABASE db_name;
2、删除数据库:DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name;
3、选择数据库:USE db_name;
4、查看所有数据库:SHOW DATABASES [LIKE wild];
5、创建表:
CREATE TABLE table_name ( column1 datatype constraints, column2 datatype constraints, ... );
示例:创建一个学生表,包含学号(主键)、姓名、性别、年龄,性别默认为男,年龄在18-25之间。
CREATE TABLE student ( student_id VARCHAR(5) NOT NULL UNIQUE, name VARCHAR(8) NOT NULL, gender CHAR(2) DEFAULT '男', age INT CHECK (age >= 18 AND age <= 25), PRIMARY KEY (student_id) );
6、修改表结构:
添加列:ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype constraints;
删除列:ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;
修改列类型:ALTER TABLE table_name MODIFY COLUMN column_name new_datatype;
重命名表:ALTER TABLE old_table RENAME TO new_table;
修改列名称:ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_column_name new_column_name datatype constraints;
7、索引管理:
创建索引:CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name);
删除索引:DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name;
四、事务管理
1、开始事务:START TRANSACTION;
2、提交事务:COMMIT;
3、回滚事务:ROLLBACK;
五、用户与权限管理
1、创建用户:
CREATE USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON database_name.* TO 'username'@'host';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
(刷新权限)
2、删除用户:DROP USER 'username'@'host';
3、修改用户密码:ALTER USER 'username'@'host' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
六、常见问题FAQs
1、如何查询表中的所有列名?:使用SHOW COLUMNS FROM table_name;
或DESCRIBE table_name;
2、如何查看当前数据库中的所有表?:使用SHOW TABLES;
3、如何在MySQL中使用正则表达式进行查询?:使用REGEXP
关键字,查询以“A”开头的用户名:SELECT * FROM users WHERE username REGEXP '^A';
七、小编有话说
掌握上述SQL语句是学习MySQL的基础,但实践出真知,建议在学习过程中多动手操作,通过实际案例加深理解,注意SQL注入等安全问题,编写代码时要养成良好的安全习惯,希望本文能为你提供有益的参考,祝你在学习MySQL的道路上越走越远!
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